In the 1640s, England experienced a period of massive political upheaval known as the English Civil War. This led to the execution of King Charles I and the proclamation of the "Commonwealth" and subsequent "Protectorate" under Oliver Cromwell. In 1645, the English Civil War came to America in the form of a Protestant privateer, Richard Ingle, who attacked, captured the young colony, and enclosed Leonard Calvert's house with a fortification known as Pope's Fort. Leonard Calvert recruited soldiers in Virginia and retook the colony in late 1646, but the Calverts lost control again to Protestant enemies between 1654 and 1657.